Rift Valley fever is a fever-causing viral disease that affects
livestock and humans in Africa. It is most common during years of
heavy rainfall.
People get Rift Valley fever mainly from the bite of an infected
mosquito. The disease can also be spread by contact with the blood
or body fluids of an infected animal.
Rift Valley fever can cause serious eye infection, inflammation of
the brain, severe bleeding (hemorrhage), and death.
To prevent Rift Valley fever, travelers to Africa should take
precautions against insect bites: 1) use insect repellent, 2) wear
long sleeves and pants, and 3) use bednets. Travelers should also
avoid contact with livestock in areas where outbreaks of Rift
Valley fever are occurring.
What is Rift Valley fever?
Rift valley fever is a fever-causing disease that affects
livestock (including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats) and humans
in Africa. It is named after a trough stretching 4,000 miles from
Jordan through eastern Africa to Mozambique. Rift Valley fever is
spread mainly by infected mosquitoes and appears most often during
years of heavy rainfall.
Where is Rift Valley fever found?
Rift Valley fever is most common in the livestock-raising regions
of eastern and southern Africa. The disease is also found in most
countries of sub-Saharan Africa and in Madagascar.
What is the infectious agent that causes
Rift Valley fever?
The disease is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus.
How do people get Rift Valley fever?
People can get Rift Valley fever from the bite of mosquitoes and
possibly other blood- sucking insects. The virus usually lies
dormant in the eggs of Aedes mosquitoes. During heavy rains and
floods, the eggs hatch large numbers of infected mosquitoes that
feed on livestock and spread the virus. Other species of
mosquitoes, and possibly other biting insects, can also become
infected and spread the disease. The occurrence of disease in a
large number of domestic animals is referred to as an "epizootic."
The presence of a mosquito-borne epizootic can lead to an epidemic
in humans.
People can get Rift Valley fever if they are exposed to the blood
or other body fluids of infected animals. This can happen during
the slaughtering or handling of infected animals or during the
preparation of food.
Laboratory workers have become infected through airborne
transmission during work with virus cultures or laboratory samples
containing the virus.
What are the signs and symptoms of Rift
Valley fever?
People with Rift Valley virus infections typically have a flu-like
illness with fever, weakness, back pain, dizziness, and weight
loss.
Infected people usually get better in 2 days to 1 week after the
start of the illness. Sometimes, however, the infection can cause
hemorrhage (severe bleeding), encephalitis (inflammation of the
brain), or severe eye complications.
How is Rift Valley fever diagnosed?
Diagnosis can be made by use of several types of laboratory tests.
Who is at risk for Rift Valley fever?
People who sleep outdoors at night in areas where outbreaks occur
Animal herdsmen, slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, and others
who handle tissues of infected animals in areas where the virus is
present
International travelers who visit areas where the virus is present
during periods when outbreaks or epidemics are occurring
What is the treatment for Rift Valley
fever?
The drug ribavirin is being studied for its effectiveness against
Rift Valley fever.
What complications can result from Rift
Valley fever?
The most common complication is inflammation of the retina (a
structure connecting the nerves of the eye to the brain). About 1%
to 10% of affected persons might have some resulting vision
problems or partial blindness.
Approximately 1% of infected people die of the disease. Those who
die are usually malnourished, sick with other diseases, or far
from good medical care. Death rates are much higher for infected
animals.
Is Rift Valley fever an emerging
infectious disease?
The Rift Valley virus was first isolated in 1931 in livestock on a
farm in Kenya. The most notable epizootic occurred in Kenya in
1950-1951 and resulted in the death of an estimated 100,000 sheep.
In 1978, the virus was detected in Egypt and caused a large
outbreak of illness in animals and humans.
The first epidemic of Rift Valley fever in West Africa was
reported in 1987. It was linked to construction of the Senegal
River Project, which caused flooding in the lower Senegal River
area. In late 1997, after exceptionally heavy rains, an epidemic
resulted in the deaths of at least 300 people and large numbers of
animals in remote parts of northeastern Kenya, southern Kenya, and
southern Somalia.
How can Rift Valley fever be prevented?
No licensed vaccine or virus-killing medicine is available for
human use. Travelers to Africa should always wear long sleeves and
pants and use insect repellents and bednets to protect against
bites from mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. Persons who
work with animals in areas where the virus is present should avoid
exposure to the blood or tissues of potentially infected animals.
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