Blindness is the loss of vision, not
correctable with lenses. Blindness may be partial, with loss
of only part of the vision. It may also be complete, in
which case there is no perception of light. People with
vision worse than 20/200 (a person with 20/200 eyesight can
clearly distinguish an object at 20 feet that a person with
normal vision can clearly distinguish at 200 feet) or a
field of vision of less than 20 degrees in the better eye
are considered legally blind.
What are the causes?
Blindness has many causes. Worldwide, the
leading causes of blindness are cataracts, trachoma,
leprosy, and vitamin A deficiency. The other causes are
diabetes, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and accidents
(such as chemical burns or injuries from cords, fishing
hooks, fireworks, racket balls, and similar objects).
Other causes include:
blocked blood vessels
complications of premature birth
(retinopathy of prematurely)
complications of eye surgery
lazy eye
optic neuritis
stroke
Tay-Sachs disease
retinitis pigment's
retinoblastoma
lead poisoning
optic glioma
How is the diagnosis made?
A complete and thorough eye examination is
performed. The treatment plan depends on the cause. The
medical history is obtained and a physical examination
performed.
Medical history questions
documenting blindness in detail may include:
Time pattern
-When did this begin?
-Did it occur suddenly or gradually?
-Does it occur only occasionally? How often?
-How long does it last?
-When does it occur, in the evening, morning, or all the
time?
Quality
-Is the blindness complete?
-Is there any residual vision - for example, can light and
dark be distinguished?
-Are both eyes affected?
Other symptoms
-What other symptoms are also present?
-Is there eye pain?
-Is there a headache?
Additional information
-What medications are being taken?
-Is there a family history of eye problems or blindness?
-Have one had an injury to the eye or head?
What is the treatment?
A routine eye examination is
performed. The ophthalmologist checks visual acuity, eye
movements, pupils, inside of the eye (ophthalmoscopy), and
eye pressure (tonometry) when indicated. An overall medical
evaluation is done if indicated. Loss of vision should never
be ignored, thinking it will get better, one should contact
an ophthalmologist or go to the emergency room immediately.
Most serious forms of vision loss are painless, and the
absence of pain in no way diminishes the urgent need to get
medical care. Many forms of vision loss only have a short
amount of time where they can be successfully treated.
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