Arthroscopy (Greek words: arthros = joint, skopion = to look)
simply means to look into the joint. This is a surgical procedure.
The surgeon makes a small about 5-millimeter size incision to put
an arthroscope into the joint. The arthroscope is a small, pencil
– sized, metallic instrument. It contains a system of lenses and
is attached to fibreoptic cables. A small, match - box sized
powerful camera and a light source is attached to the end of the
arthroscope, which is outside the joint.
The joint is illuminated to a desired amount through the
fibreoptic cables. The camera takes the picture of the joint. The
picture is displayed on a monitor of the size of a domestic
television. With this advanced tool almost all the nooks and
corners, different parts and components of a joint can be clearly
and easily seen. Any disease affecting the inside of a joint can
be seen and diagnosed. Various surgical procedures can be
performed under this arthroscopic vision.
Why is arthroscopy necessary?
Joints are very essential to us. Injuries and disease can affect a
joint. It is important to know what has gone wrong in a joint when
a patient complains of a joint problem. A doctor evaluates the
affected joint by asking relevant questions to the patient.
Certain blood tests, X-rays and CT or MRI of the joint are taken.
Arthroscopy helps to see the insides of the joint. The surgeon can
at the same time rectify the problem. Patients get the benefit of
accurate diagnosis, arthroscopic operation and this avoids an
‘open’ operation.
What are the conditions that can be
diagnosed with arthroscopy?
A wide variety of injuries and diseases affecting the different
components of a joint can be diagnosed by arthroscopy. The most
frequent conditions found during arthroscopic examinations of
joints are:
* Inflammation of joint lining (synovium) – synovitis.
*Injuries both fresh (acute) and old (chronic) – affecting joint
cushions (meniscus’ tear), structure providing mechanical
stability to joints ( ligaments’ rupture), shiny layer of joint
(cartilage’s injury), and bones (cysts, fractures, loose bodies).
* Mechanical factors like maltracking of knee cap (patella),
mechanical locking of knee (bucket handle tear of meniscus),
incongruity of joint surfaces and instability of joints.
* Abnormal factors from birth (congenital) like abnormal fold of
joint lining (plica), abnormal joint cushion (discoid meniscus)
and bony malformations.
Which are the joints subjected to
arthroscopy?
The knee, shoulder and ankle joints are nowadays commonly
subjected to arthroscopic examination and operations. The other
joints are the elbow and the wrist. As advances in engineering and
production of finer instruments take place, there is a possibility
of extending these procedures to other smaller joints like finger
joints and deep joints like the hip in near future.
How is arthroscopy performed?
Arthroscopy is an operation that requires anaesthesia. Whole body
anaesthesia (general anaesthesia), below the waist anaesthesia
(spinal or epidural anaesthesia), one limb only (regional
anaesthesia) or local anaesthesia may be used.
A small stab incision, about the size of a buttonhole, is made
over the joint. This is just sufficient for the entry of an
arthroscope into the joint. In a systematic procedure, a joint is
visualized by rotating the arthroscope to get a view of the
different positions of the joint. Through similar holes other
operating instruments are put into the joint. Some examples of
such operations are:
*In knee joint: synovial biopsy, removal of loose bodies, removal
of torn meniscus (partial menisectomy), removal of diseased
synovium (partial synovectomy) and repair or reconstruction of
ligaments and meniscus.
*In shoulder joint: loose bodies removal, repair of torn cushion
(labrum), repair of shoulder movers (rotator cuff) and
stabilisation of loose joint and a shoulder which dislocates
repeatedly and easily with certain movements often known as
recurrent dislocation of shoulder.
What happens after arthroscopy?
After arthroscopic operation is over, the stab incisions and other
incisions are stitched. A clean dressing is put over the joint.
Pain killers and antibiotics are prescribed. After the minor
procedure (e.g. partial menisectomy) one can go home on the day of
operation. For major operations (e.g. ligament reconstruction),
one has to stay in the hospital for a couple of days.
The patient is made to walk with support on the day of operation
or next day depending on the nature of operation and the pain
tolerance. Physiotherapy is essential after the operation for the
best result. Special training is required for athletes to resume
their sport.
What are the possible complications?
Complications are infrequent and occur in less than 1 percent of
all arthroscopic procedures. They include infection, excessive
swelling or bleeding, and damage to the blood vessels or nerves.
Although the puncture wounds are small and pain in the joint that
underwent arthroscopy is minimal, it may take a few weeks for the
joint to recover fully if a major surgical repair has been done.
Arthroscopic Knee Surgery
Knee Arthroscopy
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